![]() Plasma will not be discussed in depth in this chapter because plasma has very different properties from the three other common phases of matter, discussed in this chapter, due to the strong electrical forces between the charges. At high temperatures, molecules may disassociate into atoms, and atoms disassociate into electrons (with negative charges) and protons (with positive charges), forming a plasma. There exists one other phase of matter, plasma, which exists at very high temperatures. In this chapter, we generally refer to both gases and liquids simply as fluids, making a distinction between them only when they behave differently. When placed in an open container, gases, unlike liquids, will escape. This makes gases relatively easy to compress and allows them to flow (which makes them fluids). ![]() In contrast, atoms in gases are separated by large distances, and the forces between atoms in a gas are therefore very weak, except when the atoms collide with one another. Because the atoms are closely packed, liquids, like solids, resist compression an extremely large force is necessary to change the volume of a liquid. Below is a table of units in which density is commonly expressed, as well as the densities of some common materials. There are exceptions however, such as waters density increasing between 0☌ and 4☌. When a liquid is placed in a container with no lid, it remains in the container. This free density calculator determines any of the three variables in the density equation given the other two. That is, liquids flow (so they are a type of fluid), with the molecules held together by mutual attraction. This occurs because the atoms or molecules in a liquid are free to slide about and change neighbors. Liquids deform easily when stressed and do not spring back to their original shape once a force is removed. A gas must be held in a closed container to prevent it from expanding freely and escaping. ![]() It also changes with variations in atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity.At 101.325 kPa (abs) and 20 ☌ (68 ☏), air has a density of approximately 1.204 kg/m 3 (0. (c) Atoms in a gas move about freely and are separated by large distances. The density of air or atmospheric density, denoted, is the mass per unit volume of Earths atmosphere.Air density, like air pressure, decreases with increasing altitude. Forces between the atoms strongly resist attempts to compress the atoms. (b) Atoms in a liquid are also in close contact but can slide over one another. Figure 14.2 (a) Atoms in a solid are always in close contact with neighboring atoms, held in place by forces represented here by springs. Formula: H 2 O Molecular weight: 18.0153 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI1S/H2O/h1H2 Copy. ![]()
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